Wednesday, April 22, 2026

can't get away from the forging




cloudy with a chance of idiots

I realize that humor doesn't always come out perfectly, especially in writing. Tone of voice, in particular, can be hard to convey. But some people really need to try harder if they're attempting to be funny or whimsical. 

Here's a recent exchange I had over in an Instapundit Open Thread. My interlocutor is probably male and over 60, like most of the OT commentariat.

Someone had put up a picture of a young Jennifer Connelly, back when she was breasty:

Various commenters hooted their appreciation, and I left this remark:

Ah, yes—before the reduction surgery. Sweet mamm—uh, memories.

Someone replied:

Why reduction surgery? Generally, I am against government interference is private matters, but reduction surgery should be outlawed.

We'll forgive the "is private matters." Old people often make typos and never bother to check or to correct themselves, and I'm starting to become one of them. Anyway, I detected no humor in the above because the OT threads tend to be hotbeds of rightie rhetoric, so I reasonably thought the guy was being a serious rightie. Doesn't the above sound like something a self-serious rightie might write? So I wrote in response:

I've had some large-breasted female friends complain about how their breasts are unwieldy, creating problems with under-boob sweat and friction/irritation. But the biggest complaint has always been that large breasts bring lower-back problems. Do these women absolutely need surgery? Probably not. I would guess that there are solutions to these problems that don't require any surgery at all. E.g., developing a strong core can help with back problems, and there are doubtless products and types of clothing that can help with mobility and irritation. But for what it's worth, I don't see breast-reduction surgery as a problem on the same level as breast-enhancement surgery, which is almost always about ego and superficiality.

His response:

You are being too serious, while I am letting my inner teenager out. Bigger is always better.

Ah. He was letting his inner teenager out. Funny, that! Hilarious!

I decided not to respond with what I was thinking, which is basically that you don't write a humorless response, follow it up with the accusation that I'm "being too serious," then put yourself in the virtuous, superior position by claiming "I am letting my inner teenager out" in supposed contrast to my seriousness. This self-aggrandizing approach is not how you make friends, but it is how you show yourself to be an arrogant asshole.

So I concluded I was dealing with an unfunny idiot and egomaniac who had arrogated to himself the right to be preachy, and I decided to say nothing in response.

Was I wrong to think any of this? What "humor" cues did I miss? I mean, I know I can sometimes be over-literal in a Spock-like way, but was I in this case? Keep in mind, before you answer, that my blog is the space where I vent, so don't come to the conclusion that I'm going to obsess over this all day or that I'm making a mountain out of a molehill. I deal with stupid people like this all the time, and in almost every case, the problem comes down to a combination of ego, incompetence (poor self-expression in this case), and ignorance (think: Dunning-Kruger). In most cases, it's the interlocutor's problem; in some cases, it's my problem. But not this time, I think.

If you're old and believe you're being funny, double-check your tone and ask yourself how others might see your writing. You might be chuckling at the supposed "wittiness" of your response, but if you're more objective, you might just see that the humor isn't coming through. And yeah, I realize this applies to me, too.


repopulating Substack

I'm in the midst of writing up more scheduled posts for Substack. I just finished generating posts for The Creative (stuff that appears on Tuesdays and Thursdays); I'm about to generate material for The Entertaining (games/puzzles that appear on Wednesdays).

As for The Superficial (Bad Online English) and The Profound (my full grammar curriculum), both of which come out on Mondays and Fridays, I might reduce my workload by making The Superficial a Monday-only thing and The Profound a Friday-only thing. With all of the other material I'm putting out there, this seems warranted. The posts I'm generating go through June; some go into the first week of July.


the hallucination is strong in this one




tribute to my aunt

Apollinaire's famous poem on the passage of time, "Le pont Mirabeau," is mostly about time as it relates to love, but there's a couplet in that poem that feels relevant right now:

Vienne la nuit sonne l'heure
Les jours s'en vont je demeure

Night comes; the hour sounds. The days pass; I remain.

When Mom died, I rode home with Dad from Walter Reed. Without a word, I stumbled into the parent's house, went to my old bedroom, and fell into a depressed sleep for I don't know how long. I remember the first question to enter my head upon waking was, Why am I still alive? Didn't seem fair somehow. But like it or not, time flows ever forward, and life has to go on because that's just the structure of existence. There is no why.

There's only one older-generation relative still alive on my mother's side.

Good journey to you, Emo.


I learned something today

Since all of my friends are white-collar people, I would never have learned this sort of thing from my friends.

And would someone please tell me what's up with women's eyelashes? I think I'm seeing signs that we're finally starting to move away from those goofy, ugly, ridiculous "wingtip" thingies that Western women have been doing since the early 2010s. God, I hate those. But whatever's moving in to replace that fashion seems kind of like an over-mascara'ed mini-rake, and I can't say that I like the new fashion, either.

Oh, and: Hyphenate "blue collar" in blue-collar romance. Phrasal adjective.


wanted?


Tuesday, April 21, 2026

Desert Eagle vs. Smith & Wesson

Have a blast.




my aunt has passed away

My aunt (Emo/이모) is on the left; Mom is the next one over, being hugged by a friend from the Korean-American Women's Society (KAWS). The pic was taken in December of 2009; Mom is wearing a wig in that pic, and the glioblastoma had spread to both sides of her brain by that time. Mom was unable to talk as a result, but Dad says she enjoyed the Christmas party and, when she came home, didn't want to take the wig off her head. She'd had to suffer a lot of indignities while she was dying, and now, years later, her big sister has finally joined her. If there's a heaven, I hope they're happy to see each other again.
I just got the news that my aunt, Mom's big sister, passed away less than five hours ago.


AI voice on non-gunpowder guns

But did they have to use a fart-related phrase for the thumbnail?




Mr Inbetween

I've been hearing a lot about an Australian TV series (now finished after three seasons) called Mr Inbetween, a series about a hitman, his daughter, and his various interactions with the saints and assholes around him. Might be worth a watch.


somebody's coming


when a word gets associated with you


"head day"

Reminds me of the baby-headed Death Eater scene in The Order of the Phoenix.


Monday, April 20, 2026

a fan of those hot noods




stay sharp




Korean 3XL is not 3XL

I ordered a new windbreaker/raincoat from Coupang (first mistake: in Korea, I qualify as "big & tall," and an American expat can't expect "normal" American sizes from a Korean purveyor) to replace the Uniqlo windbreaker/raincoat—a hand-me-down gift from my boss—that got ruined over time thanks to its cheap-ass interior lining. The jacket arrived today, looking suspiciously tiny in its plastic packaging. I pulled the jacket out and liked the feel of the material, but when I unfolded the jacket to appraise it in all of its fullness, my heart sank: I could already see how narrow the shoulders were. Stupidly determined, I nevertheless tried the jacket on, but as I suspected, my arms could barely fit through the sleeves, and the jacket, despite supposedly being 3XL, couldn't even close around my torso.

Because I'm lazy about onerous return policies, and because I don't want to waste the jacket, I'm going to stick it in the clothing hamper downstairs—the one for the poor and homeless. I hope someone will eventually find a use for the jacket. Someone the right size. And when that person finds that jacket, a magical voice will boom from out of nowhere: Well done! And now, O mortal, ask of me your wishes three or face the ass-piglets of the thirty-third hell!


it's high time to switch gears

high time, indeed!
It's April 20, so I'll first wish a Happy 420 to my pot-smoking contingent because God knows I've got a lot of stoners who read this blog to try and improve their grammar.*

But because it's April 20, this also means I need to get back to creating another month's (or two months') worth of content for Substack, as well as two weeks' content for YouTube. Joy. Luckily, content creation shouldn't be too difficult this time around: I'm in the middle of a quiz-making phase, so I'm making 60 quizzes to match the 60 units' worth of grammar curriculum I've developed. In other words, I'm publishing quiz announcements on Substack instead of putting out grammar units, which take a long time to write. Quiz announcements are easier. I will, of course, eventually get back to creating grammar units. The curriculum must continue! What all this means is, starting today, I'll be back to doing the following:

  • populating my blog with scheduled posts on YouTube
  • adding more "100 Below" short stories to Substack (out every Tues/Thu)
  • adding more games and puzzles (out every Wed)
  • adding more Bad Online English units (out every Mon/Fri)
  • thinking about adding photographic content (out every Tues/Thu)
  • thinking about adding cartoons and artwork (out every Tues/Thu)

I still haven't gotten to work on videos, but I promise: Those are coming.

All of this while trolling online for university work.

__________

*Some pedants will argue that try and should never be used: It's try to. But according to this respectable source, that's not true. The locution try and is acceptable. Don't overcorrect.


de-aging

Click to read the full tweet, especially if you're old.




two more quizzes finished last night

The quizzes for Grammatical Mood, Part 4 and Grammatical Mood, Part 5 are done (or just go visit the Test Central blog and scroll down).

Sample questions follow.

Part 4:

Question 5
(a) A pox _____ upon your village. (indicative)
(b) A pox _____ upon your village. (subjunctive)

REASONING: The indicative mood is for brute declarations of fact and opinion, so the question to ask yourself is: Which verbs convey the meaning of a brute declaration, like a factual sentence in a biography? The subjunctive mood, by contrast, is for things like wishes; necessity; and strong recommendations, suggestions, or proposals. So what fits?

1st possible answer: Yes. A pox was is a declaration of fact: This happened.

2nd possible answer: No. Were is a plural conjugation; pox is singular.

3rd possible answer: No. Be would make the first sentence subjunctive. Is would make the second sentence indicative. Exactly backward.

4th possible answer: Yes. A pox is is a declaration of fact: This is happening now. Be is used for the present subjunctive when making a wish or expressing a desire.


Part 5:

Question 1
Which, if any, are correct?

REASONING: This unit is largely about if-conditional sentences, which follow certain rules of tense and punctuation. Look at these sentences: If you do that again, I'll kill you. I'll kill you if you do that again. So if the if clause comes first, use a comma. If not, don't use a comma. In this particular example, note how the clause tenses go: (if) present → (main) future. Since you've obviously read the lesson (cough), you know there are, in fact, four situations when it comes to the tense grammar for if-conditional sentences:

Keep all of the above in mind.

1st possible answer: No. The semicolon ruins everything. It should be a comma.

2nd possible answer: Yes. Everything fits—punctuation, tense grammar, etc.

3rd possible answer: Yes. Everything fits—punctuation, tense grammar, etc.

4th possible answer: No. The if clause comes last, so there should be no comma.

So—good luck with the quizzes. You'll have noted that, every time the quizzes reset, you get different questions, and the positions of the answers to each question will also shift (which is possible because a given question might pop up again in a subsequent version of the quiz). I built this order-randomization into every quiz to prevent silly people from trying to memorize answer patterns instead of just studying and learning the old-school way. I also create three or four versions of each of the five quiz questions, and I also randomize the order in which the quiz questions appear; that's three levels of randomization. My ex-boss saw this randomization when he visited my place once, and he made a face as he realized the misanthropic degree of my mistrust of humanity. As always, the quiz questions are multiple choice but designed in such a way that random guessing generally won't give you a 25% probability of being accidentally correct: the probability is more like 1 out of 16.

I'll eventually be working on other types of question formats: fill in the blank, matching, sequencing, etc. Those formats will appear when I eventually start putting out tests. Oh, yes: test are coming. Those will be 20 questions apiece—a lot of work to create.


le look

For the record, I think the character's name is actually spelled Marsellus.


carnivore burgers, take 2











probably fake, but still funny


Sunday, April 19, 2026

question, axed and answered




my favorite—but now usually skipped—meal of the day

Alton Brown does breakfast... noodles?




interesting reaction

Over in an Instapundit Open Thread, I announced that Grammatical Mood, Part 3 (imperative mood) was now up and ready. Here's one reaction I got:

I need to go back to high school freshman Latin in order to answer those questions.

Or you could become a paying subscriber and read a lesson that prints out to only one or two pages, learn or relearn the material, and get a 95% or 100% on the quiz.

Think about the psychology: A person doesn't study the material but just takes the quiz and bombs it. This immediately puts the person into an "I can't do it" quitter's mindset, which is the opposite of what I'm trying to achieve. True, the quizzes are free and open to the public, so this invites random quiz-taking from passersby. To that extent, maybe it's my fault for just leaving these quizzes out there. 

But by taking the quiz with no study, these people hope to accomplish... what, exactly? Are they measuring how much they remember from when they were in school (if so, a single quiz doesn't offer much data)? Are they doing the quiz just for a lark? I wouldn't blame the random quiz-takers if that was really their motivation, but what's frustrating is that, the moment I suggest subscribing and putting in the effort to learn/relearn the material, they shy away. And that's mostly a matter of laziness. If they're willing to pay five bucks for a slice of pizza per month, they've definitely got the funds to pay for a month's worth of lessons, so it's obviously more laziness than finances.*

The economic dynamic at work here is that most of these people will take the quizzes out of curiosity, then flit flightily away, onward to the next superficial distraction. But out of several hundred or several thousand of these hummingbirds who hover close, maybe one or two will decide to stick around and go deeper. I can't force anyone to do what I'd like them to do, and that's the nature of capitalism, at least at my level: It's about decisions and agreements. So I'm building my flower garden and hoping a lot more hummingbirds eventually come helicoptering my way.

Here's a sample question to ponder:

Question 2
Which, if any, are commands?

REASONING: The lesson this quiz refers to (see here if you're a paying subscriber) was about the imperative (command) mood. By the end of it, you ought to be able to recognize what a command is and why it's not the same as a statement in the indicative or subjunctive mood. You've learned that commands can begin with Please; they can also be one-word utterances that aren't verbs, such as Quiet! and Gently! Commands can be an imperious order, a suggestion, advice, or caution. The lesson teaches a few other things as well.

1st possible choice: Yes. Please stop indicates an imperative.

2nd possible choice: Yes. Advice beginning with Never + verb is in the imperative.

3rd possible choice: No. This is in the indicative mood, being a statement of fact (...is your choice).

4th possible choice: Yes. Cooking instructions are in the imperative, and this one is obviously verb-first.

Two more coming out later today.

__________

*So, the question of financial caution or even stinginess also comes up. While $5/month isn't expensive by any standard, a person who is already subscribed to various services can feel overwhelmed, "subscribed to death." I'm not a mind-reader, so I can't judge each person's individual situation, and frankly, I can relate to feeling overwhelmed. All I can do, then, is shrug at the ones who sniff and walk away; I then wait for the next prospective customer. (That said, I suspect there are a lot of lazy people who hide behind the "subscribed to death" rationale to avoid making any intellectual effort. Of course, I have no way to prove that.)


bold and beautiful

Full-figured Jim, properly hyphenated.


taking another stab at "carnivore" burgers today

Stay tuned. There will be pictures. The burgers won't look this good, though:

found en ligne

twinses, Precious

I sense bubbleheadedness:



we hates the alienses, Precious


Saturday, April 18, 2026

the egg-nog question

Yes, this is an oldie from Christmas last year.




first 9.5K walk in a while

I hadn't gone out for a walk in a while, so today was the day to step out. We're now in the last half of April; the day was bright and sunny, and my walk went from 12:30 p.m. to 2:50 p.m., which is about a 4-kph pace. Not great, but not bad.

Spring in South Korea is always beautiful but short, and I can already tell that summer—which starts in May in Korea—is just around the corner. Today's high temp was around 26ºC, or 79ºF. While that's not extremely hot by any standard, it's a sure indication that summer, like a horror-movie monster, has already slipped its fingers through the space in the door and will soon be forcing its way in. All of this indoorsy toe-healing means I've basically missed the opportunity to walk during the waning coolness of spring, and today's session was enough to convince me that any further walks will be at night. I should do another nighttime 33K walk from Yangpyeong to Yeoju before things get too rainy.

Today's route was the typical one—9.5 or 10K out to the river and back. Lots of bikers, three or four of whom rudely strayed onto the pedestrian path (I'm not counting a father-son duo who biked onto the pedestrian path just to pull over and take a break; I don't mind that sort of thing at all). I didn't bother photographing any biker transgressions today; there seemed to be no point. But despite the heat, it was a beautiful day, and everyone I passed seemed happy. Spring has sprung! A few walkers and runners were also out, including several foreigners, one of whom was a slim, sleek white chick on rollerblades. I wanted to stop her and ask whether she'd ever rollerbladed along the Four Rivers path. In theory, she could easily do the whole thing in under a week given how fit she looked and how fast people can be on rollerblades. 20 kph for eight hours = 160 km per day. The Four Rivers trail is only 633 km. Four days if she can maintain that pace and tackle those occasional big hills.

With the sun shining so brightly, I was happy to be wearing my black, long-sleeved Under Armour shirt, which I now use instead of toshi (arm-protecting sleevelets mainly for bikers but also useful for us walkers). There was plenty of under-the-bridge shade along the way, though, so I didn't get sunburned. I was able to do the walk out and back without experiencing any angina, but by the end, my blood-sugar level was still frustratingly high at 138.

I wasn't really in a picture-taking mood, but I did snap a few shots. Enjoy the humble photo essay below.

Top of the berm that parallels the Tan Creek. Can you see the fluffy white seeds wafting in the air?

lower left: fluffy white seeds, out of focus

fluff on the ground

Anyone know which plant these seeds come from? Interesting to think in terms of parallel evolution since dandelions do roughly the same thing to spread their seeds.

Jamshil in the distance

'tis the season for the gawky birds (egret, heron, stork, whatever)

I'm surprised it let me photograph it. Most of these birds are skittish and fly away when you stop moving.

returning home—a different view of the Yangjae Creek, which flows into the Tan

I was having trouble remembering which trees got cut down. Which trees had such thick boles?

I'm still trying to understand why some arboreal cross-sections look flat while others don't.

This one in particular fascinated me. What species of tree was this?

Really looking at the curling paint for the first time.

AI tells me this is a flowering quince. Do you trust AI?

My toe is still a problem, but it's good enough for me to start doing these walks again.


I never quite know what to think

Once the random bits of metal get melted down and turned into a block, the process is all the same, it seems to me. Whether it's "sword from a rusty clain" or "hammer from random cutlery" or "silverware from Auschwitz rings" (okay, maybe not that last one), once everything's been melted and turned into a block, there's really nothing new to see. But I still watch because, well, forging stuff (and sharpening it, and buffing it) is cool.




things were more exciting in the 70s

Ha ha, you almost fooled me with that one! That's the Sixties!


the cow says, "Moo"

Pardon the bad grammar:




at a time when you're being bred into nonexistence...

 


two more quizzes done!

Having gotten through quizzes for verbs and verb tenses, I am now turning my attention to—gaspgrammatical mood. The first two quizzes of a six-unit section are now done: Mood, Part 1 and Mood, Part 2. Below are sample questions, one from each quiz.

From Grammatical Mood, Part 1:

Question 5
The five grammatical moods are:

REASONING: The relevant lesson (which is for paying subscribers—Grammatical Mood: Intro + Indicative Mood) starts with an overview of the five main grammatical moods, so at this point, you either know them or you don't.

1st possible answer: Yes. These are the five moods. Note that conditional is both a tense and a mood. As a tense, it's the would tense, often referring to a hypothetical, unreal, or imagined future: I would tap dat ass. As a mood, it refers to if-then sentences (NB: The subordinating conjunction doesn't have to be just if—it can also be when, as in When the wolves howl, my scrote howls in response.), i.e., sentences that show how effect Y proceeds from cause X.

2nd possible answer: No. The word modal has appeared in my lessons in the context of modal auxiliaries. The word palliative is used in the field of medicine to refer to the easing of pain and suffering, usually via drugs. So palliative has no place in a grammar lesson. If you thought illustrative was a mood, then you really weren't paying attention. And demonstrative adjectives appear in the adjectives unit (Adjectives, Part 5).

3rd possible answer: No. While indicative and subjunctive are indeed moods, there's no such thing as an ordinative mood, and conditioned is just wrong: There's a conditional mood. This answer is designed to see if you're a random-guessing moron.

4th possible answer: No. We use declarative in contradistinction to interrogative, but declarative isn't a mood the way indicative is. The other words are all bullshit terms except, of course, for imperative and conditional. If this answer seduced you, I hope you feel shame.


From Grammatical Mood, Part 2:

Question 2
The question “How long are you planning to hack up centipedes?”...

REASONING: Hack up in the sense of cough up, not chop up. This unit explicitly discusses how Wh- questions (which include How... questions) are basically yes/no questions with a Wh- element tacked on. Example: For a question like Why did you do that?, if I strip off the Why, I'm left with the yes/no question Did you do that?

1st possible answer: No. If you remove the How long, you're left with Are you planning to hack up centipedes?, which is a yes/no question. See more below.

2nd possible answer: Yes. As explained above (see the brief parenthetical in the REASONING section). How... questions (i.e., questions beginning with How, How much, How long, How many, How often, etc.) are basically Wh- questions. Think of it this way: The word How contains both a "w" and an "h." (Being a Yank, I say an "h" because I don't pronounce H as "haitch" the way some people in the British Isles do.)

3rd possible answer: No. An example of a choice/oprion/alternative question would be Eddie Izzard's Cake or death? That not the type of question shown.

4th possible answer: Yes. As explained above. How long are you planning to hack up centipedes? becomes Are you planning to hack up centipedes?—a yes/no question—once you remove the How long.


Friday, April 17, 2026




la philosophie de Guillaume

Basically, the philosophy is: Be a dick to your closest friends. And to everyone else.




Johnny Somali: a possible appeal by the prosecution

Korean jurisprudence is pretty limp-wristed. Johnny Somali's minimum sentence, according to LegalMindset's assessment of the law, should have been four years. The prosecution, also modest, was asking for only three years (confused? welcome to Korea!). The final sentencing, though, was for only six months, and we all know that Somali will leave prison with a huge, obnoxious, unrepentant smile on his face. The prosecution has seven days to appeal the sentence and request more jail time, and that may be happening. Watch the video below for details. I'd recommend a good ten years, but Somali will never get that. Two or three years at most. No one will be taught any lessons.




the world's edgiest goats


imminent passing

Just got news from my brother David that my aunt's health is going downhill, and she'll be gone in a matter of days. While I'd like to visit her, I don't know if I have the funds to cover such a visit (she's in Texas). 

This aunt is my mom's big sister, so we've always called her by her Korean title, Emo or Imo (이모). So for the moment, it's just a matter of waiting for the news of her passing. 


cervid life forms

hoofed ruminant ungulate

Proto-venison.


the best method


Thursday, April 16, 2026

I figured this one out. Can you?

Hint: You'll never solve the problem in two weighings if you weigh two groups of four balls. This is your chance to channel your inner Spock. Logic!




who will carve the carcass?

Guga et le thon:




spot the (t)error

Seen on a YouTube thumbnail:

She wants to become a YouTuber, which as a comedian makes me furious.

Did you catch the problem(s)? 

How would you rewrite the above to avoid the grammatical fuckup(s)?


if you know the story, this makes sense

Hybrid vigor, baby!


my Blogger "followers" list

I deleted my Blogger "followers" list from my blog's sidebar long ago—not that anyone would have noticed since no one bothers with sidebars. But the list still exists "inside" of my blog's editing tools as something that I can re-display if I ever decide to. I was looking over that list a few minutes ago and noticing all of the dead people on it—people who had listed themselves as followers of the blog, but who have since passed on. Out of 33 followers (i.e., not many), three of them—1 out of 11— are dead. And I can't quite bring myself to remove their names from the list. What's funny is that, in every case, these are people I'd never met in person.


you can mix together only so many things

Words of wisdom from Dr. Vallicella, from "Tribalism and Diversity":

Tribalism is on the rise while classical liberalism is on the wane. Given this fact, does it make sense to admit into one’s country ever more different tribes? A piety oft-intoned by leftists is that diversity is our strength. An Orwellianism, that, if tribal diversity is at issue. For that would amount to the absurdity that the more domestic strife [there is], the stronger we become. It is plain, after all, that different tribes do not like each other, and do not see themselves in the other. Tribal identification is other-exclusive. There is no comity without commonality.

I am against tribal identification. I realize, however, that I am sawing against the grain of the crooked timber of humanity. People will continue to identify themselves as members of groups. Classically liberal ideals such as toleration are no match for the ingrained tendency to revert to the tribal. So the realist in me says that immigration policy must favor those who are assimilable to our values and principles and must exclude those who aren’t.

Add enough meatballs to your salad, and it's no longer salad.

(Also: Did you spot the error in the lower half of the first paragraph?)


what being a life-partner means

Aside from the repetition of the word "point," this is hilarious.

 


elle aime bien les mecs

Le féminisme, ce n'est pas mon truc. Moi, j'aime bien les mecs.


Legal Mindset's official take on Johnny Somali




Verb Tenses, Parts 4 and 5—now done

The quiz for Verb Tenses, Part 4 is now done. Go see for yourself. Verb Tenses, Part 5 is also now done. Here are sample questions, one from each quiz, with reasoning laid out. 

From Part 4 first:

Question 3
Before my best friend died,

REASONING: Part 4 is about tense contrasts. Before my best friend died refers to an event in the past and hints (through the word "Before") that another past event happened before the death, so while my best friend died is in the preterite (simple-past or past-simple) tense, we're looking for the past-perfect tense, i.e. had + past participle—the tense used for past events that come before other past events. Do you see it among the answer selections?

1st possible answer: No. The phrase will have had is in the future-perfect tense, which is used for completed actions in the future.

2nd possible answer: No. The phrase have forgiven is in the present-perfect tense, which is also the wrong tense. Not what we're looking for.

3rd possible answer: Yes. The phrase had given is in the past-perfect tense. It's called PAST perfect because the helping verb have is in the past tense (had).

4th possible answer: Yes. Again, had lost is in the past-perfect tense. Both of these answers are therefore correct. Check two boxes and move on.


From Part 5 next:

Question 5
By number, identify the independent clauses in the following sentence.
(1) Before you were born, (2) your dad and I talked about naming you Augustus, but (3) after we stopped laughing, (4) we both agreed (5) that it would be a pretentious name for you.

REASONING: If you've been a lazy shit and still can't recognize what a clause is, this question will be impossible for you. Not only must you know what a clause is, you must also know what an independent clause is. A clause is a group of words with a subject and a related predicate (predicate = verb + the rest of the sentence). Luckily for us, the hard work of identifying all of the clauses is already done: They're all numbered. Which means we need to know what an independent clause is. An independent clause is a clause that can stand on its own (i.e., independently, hence the name). It's a complete idea in and of itself even if it's part of a larger sentence. If I write Glenn sharted, you already have a clear idea of the action and a sense of clear-cut completeness. But if I wrote When Glenn sharted, you're left hanging, wondering what happens next. The When makes the clause dependent, i.e., it depends on an independent clause to complete the thought. The When is what we call a subordinating conjunction. Other subordinating conjunctions are if, before, after, although, unless, etc. So—dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions. Independent clauses don't have a subordinating conjunction. So let's look at the clauses one by one:

(1) Before you were born—I see a Before there. Subordinating conjunction, so this is a dependent (or subordinate) clause. The question is asking us to look for independent clauses.

(2) your dad and I talked—No conjunction, so this is an independent clause.

(3) after we stopped laughingAfter is a subordinating conjunction. This is therefore a dependent clause.

(4) we both agreed—No subordinating conjunction, so: independent.

(5) that it would be—The that is a subordinating conjunction. Dependent clause.

So...

1st possible answer: Wrong. 4 works, but 3 doesn't.

2nd possible answer: Wrong. 2 works, but 3 doesn't (as above).

3rd possible answer: Wrong. Neither works because both have subordinating conjunctions (before, that). That leaves us with only one possibility...

4th possible answer: Right. Neither of these clauses has a subordinating conjunction, so they're both independent clauses.

Which of the clauses below is/are independent (able to stand alone)?

  1. she ruined her life with drugs
  2. shit was flying everywhere
  3. before the meteoroid made its final approach
  4. as Biting Sylvia has requested
  5. would hippos actually do that
  6. as long as you remain my bitch
  7. he avidly licked the sauce off his plate
  8. once the foul work was done
  9. until the dirty job was finished

Can you figure it out? I've only written about this same topic a gazillion times.