Here's a translation of the interview with the other CNRS sociologist, Sébastien Roché. I thought it would be more of the same, but it's actually quite different in some ways. Both Roché and Mucchielli share an obvious dislike for Sarkozy; I suspect it's one reason why both were interviewed. But this interview takes a different approach to thinking about the riots, and the angle is interesting, whether or not you agree with the conclusions.
By the way... I haven't poked around the French media enough to know where to find articles sympathetic to French conservatism. If you, Dear Reader, know of any, please point me to them (and make sure they're not rabid, pro-Le Pen articles, por favor).
Q: Est-ce la première fois que les violences urbaines prennent de telles proportions en banlieue parisienne ?
Is this the first time that urban violence has occurred on such a scale in the Parisian suburbs?
C’est difficile à savoir. Il existait des systèmes de comptages, qui ont ensuite été interrompus par Nicolas Sarkozy durant son premier mandat de ministre de l’Intérieur, en 2002-2004, à l’exemple du SAIVU (1). Lorsque l’on casse le thermomètre, il devient difficile de mesurer l'ampleur des phénomènes. Les affrontements à Vaulx-en-Velin étaient semblables (2). Toutefois, ici, le phénomène est non seulement continu - les nuits de violences se suivent - mais aussi assez intensif, comme l’ont montré les tirs à balle réelle sur les forces de l’ordre.
It's hard to know. There were systems in place to measure such things, such as SAIVU*, which were interrupted by Nicolas Sarkozy during his first term as Minister of the Interior, from 2002 to 2004. When you break the thermometer, it becomes difficult to measure the extent of events. The confrontations in Vaulx-en-Velins were similar**. However, in the present case, the phenomenon is not merely continuous-- with successive nights of violence-- but also intense, as seen by the actual bullets used against authorities.
Q: Ne sont-elles [pas] le reflet d'une fracture dans les banlieues?
Isn't it [the violence] a reflection of something broken in the suburbs?
Le décalage entre les habitants des zones résidentielles et ceux des cités est évident. Il n’est pas irrémédiable. Je pense que l’on n’a pas encore assez mis l’accent sur les banlieues. Nous aurions besoin d’un ministre de la Ville au moins aussi charismatique que ceux de l’Intérieur, comme Jean-Pierre Chevènement ou Nicolas Sarkozy. Il y a un manque de leadership en matière d’urbanisme. Les auteurs d’une partie de ces violences sont une minorité d'agressifs. Ces adolescents n’ont pas conscience de la gravité de leurs actes, tant ils sont loin du reste de la population, et plus encore de toute autorité. Les violences sont surtout issues d’un terreau latent d’individus en manque de repères.
The gap between those in the residential zones and those in the projects is obvious. It's not unbridgeable. I think we have not yet placed enough stress on the suburbs. We would need a Minister of the City who is at least as charismatic as the ministers of the Interior, like Jean-Pierre Chevènement and Nicolas Sarkozy. There is a lack of leadership when it comes to urban affairs. The perpetrators of some of this violence are an aggressive minority. These adolescents aren't aware of the seriousness of their acts, inasmuch as they exist at a remove from the rest of the population, and at an even further remove from all authority. The violence most especially arises from the fertile soil of individuals who lack guidance.
Q: Selon vous, le système de la police devrait être entièrement repensé. Comment?
According to you, the police system needs to be entirely rehashed. How so?
Les policiers n’ont pas commis d’erreur importante dans cette affaire. Ils ont été impliqués malgré eux, car ils sont légitimement intervenus à la suite d’un appel. La mission principale de la police doit être de rassurer et de protéger la population. On ne peut blâmer Nicolas Sarkozy de s’attaquer aux réseaux, aux mafieux. Mais la police devrait aussi davantage inspirer confiance. Nous vivons dans une démocratie où l’on dénonce la présence de la police : c’est un signe - pas le premier bien sûr - qu’il faut changer le système. Par exemple, on devrait affecter les effectifs aux zones où les besoins sont les plus criants. Aujourd’hui, l’implantation des policiers, mais aussi celle des gendarmes, n’est pas du tout adéquate. L’action de la police devrait aussi être mieux articulée avec celle des organismes de prévention: un discours oublié depuis 2002. Nicolas Sarkozy a fait l’erreur d’insister sur la répression. La police doit être repensée comme un service public. Il faut qu'elle rende compte de ses missions démocratiquement : elle doit détailler ses actions, se fabriquer une nouvelle légitimité. Cela pourrait se faire à l’occasion de réunions de quartiers et d’un retour de la police de proximité. C’est bien sûr cher et compliqué. Et la police n’est pas habituée à rendre des comptes aux usagers.
The police haven't made any significant errors in this affair. They were wrongly blamed because they had legitimately reacted to a call for assistance. We can't blame Nicolas Sarkozy for attacking the network, the gangsters. But the police also have to inspire confidence. We live in a democracy where people decry the presence of the police: it's a sign-- not the first, to be sure-- that we have to change the system. For example, we should detail manpower to those areas where needs are most acute. Today, the way we implement the police is not at all adequate. Police action has to be better coordinated with bodies of prevention, a piece of rhetoric forgotten since 2002. Nicolas Sarkozy has made the mistake of insisting on repression. The police force needs to be reconceived as a public service. It has to account, democratically, for its missions: it has to detail its actions and fashion a new legitimacy for itself. This could be done through district meetings, and by a return to [the use of] beat cops***. Of course such a change would be expensive and complicated, and the police aren't used to being accountable to the public****.
*SAIVU = Crée sous le mandat de Jean-Pierre Chevènement en janvier 1999, le Système d'analyse informatique des violences urbaines enregistrait les chiffres de la délinquance collectés par la Direction centrale de la sécurité publique et les Renseignements généraux. Les données récoltées par le SAIVU ont cessé d’être publiées en 2000.
Created by the order of Jean-Pierre Chevènement in January 1999, the System for Computer Analysis of Urban Violence recorded delinquency statistics collected the Central Direction for Public Security and General Information. The publishing of data gathered by SAIVU was stopped in 2000.
**Ville de la banlieue lyonnaise, où ont lieu en octobre dernier des incendies de voitures et des poursuites avec la police.
City in the suburb of Lyons, where, last October, cars were burned and police chases occurred.
***To be honest, I'm not sure if this is the proper translation for "police de proximité." The phrase "de proximité" crops up in military terminology, e.g., a proximity weapon, so I'm assuming that the police you meet up close are the ones on foot-- the foot patrols, which is to say, the cops who walk the beat. Is this logic sound? I don't know. I'm trying to find an online French dictionary to help me out with this.
****I translated "les usagers" as "the public" because the literal translation, "users" or "consumers," struck me as a bit odd. Then again, maybe this is the French conception (or one Frenchman's conception) of the police: the police are a product/service, and the public is like one huge consumer/user.
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